Exact(2)
The characteristics of children lost to follow-up in both the experimental and concurrent control group are very similar, which indicates a negligible selection bias.
This pattern might be realized if at the start of every host-generation, the parasite population is small (and hence exerts only a negligible selection on the host-population) and later, after a number of parasite generations, reaches an appreciable size (and thus exerts appreciable selection on the host after it has adapted to the host population).
Similar(6)
This absence of correlation means that selecting on magnetic field levels implies negligible selection on electric field levels.
Together, these differences in temperature and flow-related parameters are substantial enough that it is reasonable to posit a non-negligible selection differential.
Furthermore, cancer was probably a negligible source of selection pressure during the course of human evolution (Aranda-Anzaldo and Dent, 2007) and the combined removal of canonical p53 effectors (p21, Puma, and Noxa) does not account for tumor suppression in mice (Valente et al., 2013).
Reference frame distortions can be minimized to a negligible level with careful selection by a trained operator.
To analyze this problem, the situation involving a single mutation rate modifier in an effectively infinite asexual population (where drift plays a negligible role relative to selection) will first be explored, with attention then being expanded to the effects of multiple mutator states, finite population size, and recombination.
Hence the extremely large model selection scores strongly suggest that these approximations are reasonable, since subtle differences in background frequencies will have a negligible effect on the model selection scores reported in my Nature letter.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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