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Then if the definite description occurs in a positive location we have a positive occurrence of a universal quantifier, and if it occurs in a negative location we have a negative occurrence of an existential quantifier.
The same argument applies in the case of gains and a negative location bias.
Similarly, we adjust for the presence of a negative location bias by increasing the threshold.
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A high positive logit location (e.g. standing on toes) indicates harder item difficulty compared to a negative logit location (e.g. bridging).
Chicks (n = 22) discriminated between the positive and negative location as evidenced by a significant difference in times to reach these locations (mean difference variable-feed treatment 22.1 ± 8.8 s; closed-litter treatment 23.3 ± 6.5 s; closed-dark treatment 24.4 ± 4.9 s and baseline mean difference 22.3 ± 6.4 s).
Continuing improvement in learning of the positive versus negative location discrimination following baseline tests, or a change in perception of the incentive value of the positive and negative outcomes, may explain this finding.
Chicks denied access to the litter area was significantly quicker to reach the probe near the negative location than when denied access to the feed area (mean 8.9±1.7.7 vs. 18.6 ± 1.7) – an 'optimistic' judgement of ambiguity indicative of a less negative affective state when denied litter compared to when denied feed.
Relative to the initial baseline cognitive bias tests, all treatments resulted in slower times to reach the negative location (closed-dark: 14.9 ± 1.9; variable-feed: 12.6 ± 1.9; closed-litter: 13.7 ± 1.9) and shorter times to the positive location (closed-dark: −7.3 ± 1.7; variable-feed: −7.2 ± 1.7; closed-litter: −7.3 ± 1.7).
Enteral feeding (NPDS 8.3) was the item with the highest negative location (-5.799 logits).
The learning phase was completed after a minimum 15 trials, and determined to be complete when, for three consecutive negative trials, their average absolute speed (m/s) towards the negative location was less than the average speed to the positive location.
Wnt5a-positive expression but β-catenin-nu negative location was found in 101 tissues, whereas β-catenin-nu positive and Wnt5a-negative samples included 6 cases (Table 2).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com