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Agriculture therefore fully satisfies the criterion for a mutualism: a mutually beneficial interaction between different species.
Mutualism is based on a mutually beneficial interaction between two organisms and is ubiquitous in nature [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6].
Poulin and Grutter remark that "Over the last few decades,... the opinion of scientists regarding cleaning symbioses has changed, from selfless cooperation, to a mutually beneficial interaction, and finally to a one-sided exploitation".
Nonetheless, the structured scheme seems to presuppose that the patient acts and responds as a rational consumer and motivated informant, involved in a mutually beneficial interaction.
One of the most important differences of the social cheater hypothesis is that is does not start with a mutually beneficial interaction and the gradual integration of two cells into one, but with exploitation of one cell by another one.
A fine example of a mutually beneficial interaction, as we have already seen in a runner-up image, can also be found in this image of Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) poised on top of a Lycaenidae caterpillar (Additional file 1).
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The close coordination between these studies is an example of mutually beneficial interaction that should be pursued by other teams of researchers.
Unfortunately, this is less widely so between Anglo-American and Latin American groups, despite the existence of considerable room for fruitful and mutually beneficial interaction.
Although studies exploring mutualisms in a pair-wise framework have provided important insights into mutually beneficial interactions, the costs and benefits of cooperation and cheating within mutualisms can be significantly altered by the interactions that take place within the more complex communities in which they occur [e.g.], [ 21 22].
Virtue creates a sense of inner harmony and enables mutually beneficial interactions with others.
The fermentation product 2,3-butanediol was the key stimulator for the mutually beneficial interactions between the two bacteria within a closed system bioelectrochemical reactor.
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