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By contrast, ETC2 from the same T2-ETC2 gRNA had a mutation efficiency of 72%.
We analyzed 20 transgenicnic lines by restriction enzyme digestion of a PCR fragment spanning the two target sites, finding that more than 60% of the transgenic lines had a mutation efficiency of approximately 100% for both target sites.
We cloned and sequenced the PCR fragments from two lines with a mutation efficiency of approximately 100%, finding that sequences between the two target sites were deleted, as shown in Figure 4D.
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To test the targeted mutation efficiency of the toolkit in monocots, we generated a pCAMBIA-derived CRISPR/Cas9 binary vector with two gRNA expression cassettes targeting the two adjacent sites of the same maize gene, ZmHKT1.
Sequencing of the mutated alleles from a p2gR-TRI-B T1 transgenic line revealed that although the mutation efficiency of the TRY allele was more than 90%, that of CPC resulting from the same T1B-TC gRNA was only 42% (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
gRNA2 (20 bp) induced the highest mutation efficiency of all the gRNAs tested at the somatic cell level, possibly representing bi-allelic mutation.
Regarding the choice and the number of gRNAs, the mutation efficiency of the CMCM system depends on the gene locus.
To validate the toolkit and to compare the mutation efficiency of different Cas9 or Pol III promoters used to drive the gRNAs, we generated two sets of test vectors targeting the same maize genomic DNA site (ZmHKT1).
To evaluate tissue bias with respect to the mutation efficiency of gRNA transcripts, we used both promoters to drive gene-specific gRNA transcription in specific tissues (Xue et al. 2014).
At Site One and Site Two where gRNAs are truncated to 18 nt, and GC ratio in gRNAs were 66.7% (tF7 1) and 61.1% (tF7 2), the on target mutation efficiencies of cells and animals are different.
Using this kit, we found that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used to knock out multiple plant genes simultaneously, and the efficiencies of multiple-gene mutations, in accordance with the "Bucket effect" theory in economics, depended on the lowest mutation efficiencies of the targeted genes.
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