The ensemble network also exhibits evidence of a bow-tie structure in which a multiplicity of pathway-specific receptors feed into a smaller set of highly interconnected intracellular kinases and signalling molecules which then output onto a larger collection of pathway-specific transcription factors and effectors.
A fraction of the enzyme, called mGSK-3, is located inside mitochondria [112], where it down-modulates both the Krebs cycle [113] and oxidative phosphorylation [114] and constitutes an integration point to funnel a multiplicity of survival pathways to target(s) at or in close proximity to the PTP [115,116].
Low specificity was found to limit the clinical application of epigenetic drugs like HDACi, and despite their epigenetic activity, flavonoids target a multiplicity of other pharmacological pathways.
However, most genes are mutated only in a small subset of cancers but there is a multiplicity of affected signaling pathways.
Resistance to targeted agents in mRCC may develop as a result of the multiplicity of pathways involved in regulating HIF-1 α activity, some of which have not yet been identified.
There are considerable benefits to STEM education, as well as resulting societal benefits, for those who have influence over student decisions to have an appreciation of the multiplicity of pathways into STEM careers.
Data on networks central to human physiology, such as the inflammatory signalling networks analyzed here, are found in a multiplicity of on-line resources of pathway and interactome databases (Cancer CellMap, GeneGo, KEGG, NCI-Pathway Interactome Database (NCI-PID), PANTHER, Reactome, I2D, and STRING).
Many exciting discoveries in glioma genomics have already been made, although a major challenge is the multiplicity of pathways activated in cancer and the difficulty of identifying the key targets in them.
By studying Makers, we can consider the multiplicity of pathways into engineering majors and careers.
