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Artificial Nonmonotonic Neural Networks acquire knowledge represented by a multiple inheritance scheme with exceptions, such as nonmonotonic inheritance networks, and then can extract the refined knowledge in the same scheme.
We chose the "AND" operator in order to create a multiple inheritance (e.g. Mallory-Weiss syndrome will be both in "Laceration related disorders" as well as in "Haemorrhage related disorders").
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The latter consists of a path logic together with a multiple-inheritance hierarchy.
Sandewall (1986) presents a theory of multiple inheritance with exceptions (also called non- monotonic inheritance) based on a set of nonmonotonic inference rules, taking advantage at the same time of theories based on nonmonotonic logic as proposed by Etherington and Reiter and of path-based theories as proposed by Touretzky, Horty and Thomason.
Figure 8 illustrates an example of multiple inheritance in the Gene Ontology.
Touretzky [22] proposed a formalism for nonmonotonic multiple inheritance reasoning which is sound in the presence of ambiguities and redundant links.
Each sub-ontology covers different aspect of biology and is represented as a rooted, directed acyclic graph with multiple inheritance property in which a more specific child term may have more than one parent, which is more general.
This paper presents a more liberal approach to incremental reasoning for multiple inheritance under an open world assumption.
Traits are a more robust alternative to multiple inheritance and enable object composition and reuse.
RDF natively provides means to link multiple concepts to a same resource, either by multiple inheritance, or owl:sameAs links, and we intend to use these techniques, together with the current dataset representation, to describe complex toxicological studies.
On the other hand, multiple inheritance poses a problem to the (automatic) integration of different biomedical ontologies (concept alignment) due to the assignment of multiple meanings to the same relation within a single ontology [ 59].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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