The dissimilarity of NAGS proteins was noted before and attributed to an independent evolution or a more rapid evolution leading to much higher divergence than the sequences of other arginine biosynthesis proteins [ 1].
However, we also uncovered a smaller group of elements (14% of the total) with much higher divergence (∼35% average pairwise divergence), indicating that a wave of amplification occurred in the stickleback genome a long time ago (Expander old in table 1).
With the exception of extremely recent polyploidy events, the majority of maintained duplicated loci are expected to be much older (have much higher divergence) than the alleles in a population, resulting in only a small number of duplicated loci exhibiting "confounding divergence".
In summary, the Spanish training set provides a very suitable proxy for European variation as a whole, while the more restricted comparison of the Moroccan training set with the Algerian Mozabite indicates much higher divergence although this is likely to partly reflect differences in levels of admixture with Europe and the character of the two North African regions.
In parallel with other chloroplast genomes [ 74], the LSC and SSC regions endured much higher divergence.
The seven ensiferans has not only overall similar sequence divergence pattern to that of the fourteen orthopterans but much higher divergence (mean divergence = 0.378) than the seven caeliferans (mean divergence = 0.196), indicating that the high divergence of the fourteen orthopterans attributes to the ensiferan mtDNA sequence divergence.
In contrast, yellow perch (control region mean FST = 0.469, μsat = 0.236) [ 67] and smallmouth bass (cytochrome b mean FST = 0.412, μsat = 0.232) [ 64, 70] possess much higher divergence among spawning groups.
Furthermore, if these Group 1 isolates are iVDPV they represent a significantly longer chronic infection in the absence of poliomyelitis and have a much higher genetic divergence of co-infecting lineages than reported for all identified patients, but one [17].
However, ITS2 shows a much higher level of divergence, from 0 to 83.2%, due mainly to the considerable length variation in this fragment.
We then tested whether these LHR orthologs can also interact with D. melanogaster and D. simulans HP6, because HP6 has a much higher rate of divergence between D. melanogaster and D. simulans than HP1 (Table 1).
