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We analyzed multiple SNPs jointly to test whether the overall lung cancer risk was determined by the combined action of multiple SNPs within the same gene and/or of multiple genes within the same pathway, even if each SNP may have had only a modest effect size individually.
Each SNP has a modest effect size (typically 10 20% increased risk per allele).
Underpowered studies that are too small to detect a modest effect size can lead to false-negative follow-up studies.
A sample size calculation was completed with power set at 0.8, alpha at 0.05 and a modest effect size 0.7.
Therefore, even a modest effect size may be of clinical relevance to patients, although treatment-emergent adverse events need to be taken into consideration as well.
Such a modest effect size is in accordance with other emerging studies in complex disease that routinely report small changes in DNA methylation in a case control setting.
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Again, after propensity score stratification, proton pump inhibitors were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, albeit with a more modest effect size than that observed in our other analyses and with a confidence interval that intersected the null (risk ratio 1.06, 0.93 to 1.21).
A more recent replication study suggests a more modest effect size of 0.84, which would result in only 80% power to detect the association in the present study (Prokunina-Olsson et al, 2010).
When we looked at the subgroups of those with baseline A1C >7.0% at baseline, the differences in improvements in A1C increased from a very modest effect size of 0.11 for the entire randomized sample to a clinically significant effect size of 0.50.
However, only four trials (n = 326) with adequate allocation concealment, blinding and ITT analysis were located, resulting in a more modest effect size in favour of exercise.
However, due to potential difficulty of maintaining subjects in these communities in the trial, high rates of mobility, and the potential for a more modest effect size in this group, we aimed to recruit 300 subjects.
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