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Scientists who oversaw government culling trials and made economic assessments concluded last year that killing badgers would make only "a modest difference" in TB in cattle, and could not meaningfully contribute to future control of the disease.
What looks like a modest difference in means would be highly significant if the variation within groups were small.
The conclusion, in both papers, was that there was a modest difference in multiple outcome measures for courses featuring online modalities in particular, blended courses.
In addition there may exist a modest difference in viral load in early infection which we did not detect.
Very large sample sizes would be required to reliably detect a modest difference in haplogroup frequencies between two groups [26].
However, there was a modest difference in the eating factor scores from the two approaches (a correlation of 0.71 between the two sets of factor scores) and, moreover, the eating factor ranked fifth among the resulting factors in the single-level analysis (having been displaced by a much less interpretable factor).
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A modest difference arose in the Table 5 analysis where the HR (95% CI) for a doubling of estrone from baseline to one-year was 0.68 (0.44, 1.05), as compared to 0.57 (0.95, 0.95) in Table 5.
Similarly, there was a modest difference between studies in OS (Table 1); this likely reflects differences in baseline characteristics, as there was no significant difference in OS between pazopanib- and sunitinib-treated patients within study 2 (Motzer et al, 2013).
Taken together, these findings show that Comt1 B2i (a B2 SINE insertion) results in a relatively modest difference in Comt1 expression and enzyme activity (comparable to the human Val-Met polymorphism) which has a demonstrable behavioral phenotype across a variety of outbred genetic backgrounds.
But because these negotiated ceilings are so much higher than the tariffs countries actually impose, even quite big cuts can make only a modest difference to trade.In rich countries, for example, the farm tariffs actually imposed would have fallen from 15% on average to 11%, according to the two economists.
"The surprise for us was that a relatively modest difference in sleep duration leads to these kinds of changes," said Professor Derk-Jan Dijk, director of the Surrey Sleep Research Centre at Surrey University, who led the study.
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