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We computed the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) which is equal to the ratio of incremental costs (cost of drug A minus cost of drug B) over incremental QALY (QALY of drug A minus QALY of drug B).
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In the above CBAs, a positive benefit minus cost difference and a BCR greater than one signifies a positive economic effect for vaccination.
A return on investment was calculated by dividing the benefit of an investment (gain minus cost) by the cost of the investment.
If the cost of playing each game is $1, and one is playing very many games, one can count on coming out increasingly close to a net gain (payout minus cost) of $1 per game.
7 In a case control cost estimation study of CV event, costs attributed to MI (ie, costs for cases with an MI minus costs for controls) in the month of the event were $34,200, and at 12 months, the cumulative cost differential was $55,600.
Amazon said gross profit -- revenue minus cost of goods sold -- would exceed $210 million.
Amazon said that its gross profit margin -- sales minus cost of products sold -- fell to 13percentt from 21percentt a year ago.
Profit is defined as revenue minus cost.
We present a general net utility maximization problem, where the utility is represented by logarithmic utility of throughput minus cost.
The objective function equals to yearly fleet gross profit minus cost of fleet layup days.
Operating income is net sales minus cost of goods sold; selling, general and administrative expenses; and research and development costs.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com