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Fig. 5 a Membership relation between models and descriptors.
This does not dictate that proteins and genetic products are one and the same, but rather allows the expression of a membership relation at a much finer semantic resolution such that proteins can be understood as one, but not the sole, kind of gene product (which also includes RNA).
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for which ƒi = h ○ σi for all i ∈ I. 4. I.e., such that no contradictions can be derived from Δ using the deductive machinery in P. 5. If A is a set, ∈ ⨡ A denotes the membership relation on A, i.e., {⟨x, y⟩ ∈ A × A : x ∈ y}. 6. Strictly speaking, this is only the case when κ is regular, that is, not the limit of < κ cardinals each of which is < κ.
We now define a new membership relation E so that xEy iff either the second component of k y) is 1 and x ∈ first component, or the second component of k y) is 0 and x ∉ first component.
We reserve judgement on this — we do note that the theorem "the ordinals in any (set!) model of NFU are not well-ordered" is a theorem of NFU itself; note that NFU does not see the universe as a model of NFU (even though it is a set) because the membership relation is not a set relation (if it were, the singleton map certainly would be).
Any model which gets membership right will have to have a well-founded membership relation.
It should be noted that this is not merely a logically necessary property of equality but an assumption about the membership relation as well.
The definite relation that may or may not exist between an object and a set is called the membership relation.
Then f is an isomorphism from M to a structure whose universe is the disjoint union of a set A and its power set P(A) and which assigns A to I, assigns P(A) to S, and assigns the membership relation ∈ to E. So roughly speaking, σ defines the power-set operation "to within isomorphism".
Then to express the idea that S is the power set of I we can use the conjunction (call it σ) of the following four sentences: Clearly σ is true in any structure whose universe is the disjoint union of a set A and its power set P(A) and which assigns A to I, assigns P(A) to S, and assigns the membership relation ∈ to E. Conversely, let M be any model of σ (in the standard semantics).
This is a descending sequence in the membership relation, something forbidden by FA.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com