For tonal sounds, standard acoustic parameters we use here include absolute and mean minimum and maximum frequencies (kHz), duration (s), and number of inflection points (a measure of whistle modulation, and a proxy for whistle complexity) [see Additional file 7].
The speckle modulation mentioned earlier is a measure of the modulation in g1 whose depth M is related to μ a and G of the US focal volume.
HR spectral power in the high-frequency region is a measure of parasympathetic modulation, while spectral power in the low-frequency region provides a measure of both sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation.
EVM is a measure of the modulation quality and error performance for the communication systems.
The low-frequency BP variability may provide a measure of sympathetic modulation.
A library of ∼290,000 compounds from the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository compound collection (MLSMR) was evaluated using a cell-based NF-κB driven luciferase reporter gene activity as a measure of NOD1 modulation.
High-frequency power, a measure of parasympathetic modulation, decreased 0.46% (p = 0.01) per 1-μg/m increase in coarse PM, indicating a decrease in vagal autonomic input to the heart associated with coarse PM.
Urinary bladder compliance, a measure of CNS modulation of bladder activity (Biering-Sørensen et al., 2008), was determined in 31 dogs throughout the trial and did not differ between olfactory mucosal cell and no-cell groups [β = −0.077 955% CI: −0.891 to 0.736); P = 0.852; analysis by multivariable regression as described previously].
Although it is widely accepted that the HF power is a reliable indicator of parasympathetic modulations, the validity of the LF power as a measure of sympathetic modulations is a more contentious issue [ 35].
The inhibition of α2-integrin measured on platelets provides a measure of pharmacological target modulation, and therefore would theoretically provide a better predictor of activity than measures of E7820 plasma exposure.
Frequency-domain indexes obtained by applying spectral analysis to HR variability of short (5 7 min) and longer (24-h) electrocardiogram recordings provide a measure of sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of HR.
