In decomposing the effects of demographics, treatment mix, stage at diagnosis and technological change, we found that changes in demographics between 1992 and 2000 had a large negative effect on 5-year survival, while year of diagnosis, which we hypothesized as a marker for technological improvements, had the largest positive effect on 5-year survival.
We assessed whether short-term change in PTH levels after first cinacalcet prescription could serve as a surrogate marker for improvements in longer-term clinical outcomes.
In the current manuscript, we review the available literature on the role of cortisol as a physiological marker for improvement with regards to mindfulness practice, and make recommendations for future study designs.
Reduction in the rate of mortality has been commonly used as a surrogate marker for improvement in care in trauma surgery.
Therefore, S100A8/9 might potentially be a predictive marker for improvement in the total number of swollen joints in patients in the early phase of RA.
In most mild asthmatics, high FeNO at 50 mL s−1 (>45 ppb) has been regarded as a marker for steroid responsiveness [ 19, 20] including improvement in spirometry and airway hyperresponsiveness [ 21].
24 25 With the exception of a marked decrease in mean C-reactive protein concentrations (a known marker for clinical improvement), changes in laboratory values from weeks 48 to 104 were not clinically significant.
The return of gray-white matter contrast in images acquired by PD-TSE sequences therefore serves as a surrogate marker for clinical improvement.
CD4 T cells are the lymphocytes used for monitoring progression of HIV infection, and they are also used as a surrogate marker for the improvement of HIV patients after initiation of anti retro-viral (ARV) therapy [ 1- 5].
Inderbitzin and colleagues [ 36] showed in post-surgical patients receiving MARS (either partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma or early graft dysfunction) that the most important prognostic markers for improvement on MARS were an indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate of above 5% and Factor V levels of above 30%.
