In barn owls, ITD is the main cue for localizing in the horizontal space (Moiseff and Konishi, 1983; Moiseff, 1989).
Ancillary cues are frequently considered in their role of providing information about the reliability of the main cues for weighted averaging [2].
Results revealed a main effect for cue type on think-aloud craving responses: Smokers spontaneously generated a greater number of craving-related cognitions during active cue exposure compared with neutral cue exposure, both during both 1- and 12-h deprivation.
A repeated-measures ANOVA showed a main effect for cue type (high/low/control), F2,40 = 53.28, P < 0.001 and no significant main effect for exposure type (conscious/nonconscious) F1,40 = 1.45, P = 0.24.
In both experiments, only the starting point showed a main effect of cue (for details see Supplemental Information), indicating that prior information biases perceptual decision-making.
For instance, the winding Seine river is a main visual cue by day, but here the thin black line of the river is hard to detect until you focus on the strong meanders and the street lights on both banks.
The ANOVA performed on the percentage of incorrect responses revealed a main effect for the Orienting Cue, [F 1, 40) = 18.41; p <.001], and the Congruent/incongruent factor, [F 1, 40) = 14.56 p <.001].
Taking this into account the stimulation led to reduce the time to turn, to increase cadence, and to increase velocity, as proved by a main effect of factor cue for each of those kinematics (see table 2).
Note that, in principle, a main effect of cue might reflect a visual code of cue identity, a prospective code of target identity, or some other code of short-term context for target/nontarget classification.
If indeed the attentional pre-cue alters perception of the stimuli, then a main effect of cue type would be expected.
