Lack of growth had lowered profitability and made legacy costs like retiree health benefits and the infamous Jobs Bank devastatingly high.
In this case, across parameter settings the effect is small, and generally results in lowered profitability.
In companies with low engagement scores, they reported 16% lowered profitability, 18% lowered productivity, 37% lowered job growth and 65% lower share price.
Suppliers and buyers of R&D results perceive two exchange risks: first, the risk to achieve a lower profitability on the innovation return than the exchange partner, second, the risk of the partner becoming a competitor by unplanned, one-sided knowledge flows.
For many predators IG prey has a lower profitability, defined as energy content divided by handling time (e.g. Charnov 1976), than extraguild prey, as measured in predator survival, growth, development or oviposition (ladybirds: Kagata & Katayama 2006; mirid bugs: Provost et al. 2006; predatory mites: Schausberger & Croft 2000a; spiders: Matsumura et al. 2004).
So banks are caught in a triple squeeze of lowering profitability, new rules to increase the amount (and therefore cost) of capital and the perceived need to award higher salaries for the "talent" that brings in the profits.
Low monsoons also cause a negative economic cycle by lowering profitability in all sectors.
However, HSD is a chronic stressor that is likely to lower profitability of fish farming if not implemented properly.
Virtually all US studies point to lower profitability in union regimes irrespective of the profit measure used (see Doucouliagos and Laroche 2009).
It's still difficult for any for-profit enterprise to justify business practices that create deeper levels of positive impact if this leads to lower profitability - even if it's only over a limited time-frame.
But changing an organization's DNA may require upending the existing business model and lowering profitability, at least in the short term.
