The phrase "a lower problem" is not standard in written English and may cause confusion.
It could be used in contexts discussing the hierarchy or complexity of problems, but it is better to clarify what is meant by "lower."
Example: "In our analysis, we found that addressing a lower problem first could simplify the overall solution."
Alternatives: "a minor issue" or "a simpler problem".
The proposed model is a mixed-integer nonlinear bilevel programming problem, which includes an upper level problem for the transport authority and a lower level problem for the network users.
But the use of many of the approaches often lead to the NP-hard algorithm and might create ambiguity to choose an optimal solution if the lower problem is nonconvex, in particular.
They have needed it because of the injuries to some of the starters, not just Miller but also Shane Reynolds, who is out for the season with a lower back problem, and the rookie Carlos Hernandez, who has been on the disabled list since early last month with a shoulder problem.
Speaking as someone who risked surgery in 2014 to correct a lower back problem that threatened to foreshorten his own career, Murray knows what he is talking about.
Tremlett was added to England's Test squad last weekend after Steve Harmison complained of a lower back problem and was given an opportunity to fight for a place in next week's opening Test in Hamilton when he was included in England's team for the current three-day match against a Select XI.
I've self-administered bee-sting therapy since my 20s (for a lower back problem) and used honey to heal wounds.
Lawrence recently had a spirited appearance on Letterman in which she discussed in some graphic detail the symptoms of what could possibly be a lower intestinal problem and ended up snuggling under a large pink blanket with the host.
Furthermore, to consider users' reactions to maintenance actions and accurately predict deterioration for a network of facilities, threshold-based maintenance is formulated as an upper-level problem, and user response is incorporated as a lower-level problem.
The feasibility of V n ei is proved in Appendix 2. Since the matrices V n ei are feasible for the perturbed Problem (29), the corresponding objective value obtained by solving Problem (29) is a lower bound for Problem (15).
