When Primates was analysed, again with random sets drawn from the full landmark set (Disparity A), no module showed significantly high disparity, but the basicranial module had marginally significantly lower disparity (p = .03) than observed in random sets of landmarks.
The basicranium in Primates was the only highly-integrated module showing lower disparity, which was also reflected in analyses of landmark variance from a single Procrustes superimposition, in both Primates and Carnivora.
Table 3 BD-Rate savings and BD-PSNR gains for OBDC with respect to DCVP, lower disparity Sequence BD-PSNR (dB) BD-Rate Outdoor 0.00 0.00 Book arrival 1.17 −17.29 Kendo 0.18 −2.80 Balloons 0.27 −3.94 The lateral views are the ones closest to the central view.
In Primates, the basicranial group had significantly lower disparity than the random sets of "weak" module landmarks (p = 0.002), while the zygomatic-pterygoid group had a significantly higher disparity than the random sets of "strong" modules (p<0.001).
The disparity through time plots for mandible shape and diet suggest also a two-phased radiation, marked initially by larger disparity than expected by neutral evolution simulations and changing lo lower disparity than expected by neutral evolution after around 20 Mya (the transition between Oligocene and Miocene - see discussion of the time frame for the phyllostomid diversification in [ 3, 4]).
If extrinsic factors are primarily responsible for the low taxonomic diversity and low morphological disparity of marsupials, then all regions of the skull, not just the early-ossifying viscerocranial elements, should show lower disparity in marsupials than in placentals.
Moreover, that a common growth pattern was found across the full viscerocranium, rather than only in the early-ossifying oral bones of this region, suggests that this region is developmentally integrated, and provides a possible mechanism by which the functional constraints imposed on the oral bones translate to the lower disparity across the entire viscerocranium seen in the current study.
Similarly to Disparity A, the constraint hypothesis would predict that strong modules would have significantly lower disparities than observed in random sets of landmarks from weak modules, and that weak modules would have significantly higher disparities than observed in random sets of landmarks from strong modules.
For example, the HIV prevalence rate among whites is relatively high in Miami and San Francisco and may explain why these areas have relatively lower disparities.
Nevertheless, grouping the recognition index data by blocks of 5 consecutive trials revealed profiles of D1 scores for the perirhinal rats that closely shadowed those of the control rats, albeit at a lower level, without showing a growing disparity as the session progressed.
