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From Table 6, there is some indication that Islamic students were more likely to choose a low evolution program, but the differences are small.
For level 4 students who had studied a "high evolution" program, the evidence for evolution was significantly more often chosen than at level 1 (X2 = 52.2; 3 df; P < 0.001); whereas for those in a "low evolution" program, the scientific evidence was no more often chosen than at level 1 (X2 = 3.2; 3 df; P > 0.05).
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On the one hand, medusozoans use a minimally derived genetic code for mitochondrial protein synthesis and show a relatively low evolution rate of their mitochondrial genes, as found in most nonbilaterian animals.
Among them, Cu-ZIF-400 can act as the best electrochemical water oxidation catalyst with a low oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential of 342 mV at 10.0 mA cm−2 in alkaline electrolyte.
All level 4 rejectors belonged to "low evolution" degree programs.
For the statement on human evolution, the acceptance level of high evolution students was significantly greater (X2 = 98; 2 df; P < 0.001) than low evolution students and also clearly greater than level 1 accepters.
As shown in Table 1 the numbers in level 4 rejecting evolution were small, although the proportion of rejecters in the low evolution group was in the same range as for level 1 over the years.
The responses for level 4 students are shown in Table 8 alongside those for level 1. Results for level 4 students were very similar to those for level 1 accepters, and show little difference between high and low evolution groups.
Table 1 shows the proportions of students in the two level 4 groups (those who experienced post-level 1 evolution courses = high evolution; and those who experienced little if any post-level 1 evolution courses = low evolution) that claimed to accept or reject "biological evolution lasting many millions of years has occurred in one form or another".
The evolution of VP3 appears to be driven primarily by random genetic drift coupled with strong negative selection, resulting in low evolution rates.
However, the proportion of level 4 students who had received only a low exposure to evolution teaching through their degree and who rejected evolution (4.4%) was not much less than level 1 students (7.6% in 2008 2009 and 5.6% in 2009 2010).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com