Wood grain is determined by the orientation of the cells of the axial system and is thus a measure of the longitudinal alignment of the tracheids (in a softwood) or fibres and of their predominance.
To assure the longitudinal alignment of vessel elements, a xylogenic signal might be given by the developing vessel to an undifferentiated cell in the cambial zone of a contiguous xylem patch via parenchyma-vessel pits [34], [35], [36].
Even after 8 days without serum EHTs continued to beat (Online Movie I) and exhibited a loose, but interconnected and well-oriented cardiac tissue-like structure with longitudinal alignment of cross-striated cardiomyocytes in the middle regions of an EHT (Fig. 1b) and a tightly packed array of cardiomyocytes in the near-surface regions (Fig. 1c).
Moreover, the performances of the polarization beam splitter are insensitive to longitudinal alignment errors in the coupling region, which is desirable for device fabrication and practical application.
The experiment required reproducible longitudinal alignment of the bone during compression testing, and this was achieved using a mounting block.
The longitudinal alignment of the Swarm orbits provides good opportunity to identify the longitudinal distribution of bubble occurrence by their detection in satellite data.
6) The energy involved in dsDNA RecA-ssDNA bonding depends on several factors, namely, weather the bases are homologous or not; how good the longitudinal alignment between the interacting bases is; and what the local extension state of the dsDNA is.
The longitudinal alignment of collagen fibres was reduced in the tendinosis tendons, in association with a reduction of SHG signal intensity.
In cross sections of EHTs cardiomyocytes were almost exclusively round in shape, indicating the high degree of longitudinal alignment in EHTs (Fig. 3b, see also Fig. 1b, c).
Both neoplasms arise from ductal epithelia, and therefore tend to grow in longitudinal alignment with the ductal system during the early stages of tumor formation.
