Consequently, we found that even for a small and relatively rigid protein, engineering a loop segment enables to alter conformational dynamics through a long-range effect, preserving the native-state structure and important aspects of function.
On the contrary, in other cases where a long-range effect in one direction may be expected, it can be preferable to build instead largely anisotropic supercells [34].
In addition, a long-range effect is observed which causes the T O T angles to increase (and thus the unit cell size to increase).
On the contrary, ZPA ablation resulted in loss of hairy2 expression in the entire distal limb mesenchyme (Fig. 3Aiii,iv), indicating a long-range effect on hairy2 regulation.
These results indicate that the prosp-NH secretes a diffusible molecule(s) that exerts a long-range effect on H-NH axons.
Second, as discussed above, there are unquestionably additional, more distal CNVs that have a long-range effect on cancer gene transcription levels.
Surprisingly, adding charges to even C-terminal loops can influence the dominant topology of EmrE, suggesting that such mutations have a long-range effect on the orientation of previously-translated TMDs.
The activator-inhibitor system consists of i) an activator that positively regulates itself and an inhibitor (in this case, WOX5 and CLEX, respectively), and ii) an inhibitor that negatively regulates the activator and has a long-range effect.
Because in both rse and shd mutants the melanophore numbers are reduced to the same extent (Fig. 7), it seems that the dense S-iridophores of the interstripes exert a long-range effect on the aggregation and support of melanophores in the neighbouring stripes.
Comparison of the active and inactive structures of rhodopsin [48], [49] and of the β2 adrenoceptor [47], [50] provides some hints for this long range effect (25 Å).
