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It is a differential encoding scheme, using the presence or absence of transitions to indicate a logical value.
Suszko does not define the notion of a logical value except for stating that true and false are the only logical values, but he claims that "any multiplication of logical values is a mad idea" (Suszko 1977, 378).
In the current context, the only fault we will consider is one that causes a signal to be permanently stuck at a logical value 0 or 1 (or a defect that can, for all practical purposes, be modeled as such).
If you want to trade on this new market you have to be a logical value investor and as the price increases you have to demand fewer shares.
The other species in the discussed scenario reach a logical value that does not change anymore.
Type 0 is a formula; type 1 is a number; type 4 is a logical value (True or False); type 8 is a cell reference, as a range object; type 16 is an error value, such as #N/A; and type 64 is an array of values.
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The simplest logic-based model is a Boolean model of a signaling pathway, where the phophorylation state of a species can be represented as an ON state (logical value of 1) to indicate the activation of the protein (kinase/phosphatase/transcription factor); analogously, an inactive protein can be represented by the OFF state (logical value of 0).
If a component fails, it assumes the logical value true, and the failure propagation can be studied via the tree structure.
As Strawson's remark in particular makes clear, the formal concept at issue corresponds to the notion of a logical subject a value of a Wittgensteinian 'variable name' where a 'logical subject' is itself understood as the correlate of a semantically singular reference.
To represent digital information we assign a logical Truth value to the presence of a voltage pulse in a given location of the actin filament, and False to the pulse's absence, so that information flows along the filament with pulse transmission.
(This cutoff of 11% was determined by visual scanning of the cloudiness data and thus appeared to be a logical cutoff value. Though it is a subjective choice, the results do not change significantly if we select a cutoff number between 10 and 15%.) Daily percent melt fractions do not reach as high as quoted above for the cumulative area of melt because the melt location varies day-to-day.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com