It can be argued that, to assess the effect of a screening program on a population level, breast cancer mortality in invited women should be compared with that of noninvited women.
On a higher level, breast cancer datasets collected by different institutions can be considered as resamplings from the underlying breast cancer population.
However, at the histopathological level, breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, hampering the prognosis predictions.
Planning a population-level breast cancer screening programme can require multiple criteria for decision making; it involves primarily reduction in BC mortality rates, but it also needs to minimize overdiagnosis and false positive events.
CHEK2 has also been reported as an intermediate-level breast cancer risk gene, regardless of family history [ 44, 45].
CHEK2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is an intermediate-level breast cancer risk gene, whose truncating mutation 1100delC doubles the risk of unselected women [ 22], but gives rise to much higher risk for women who have a family history of breast cancer [ 23].
Serum vitamin A, retinol binding protein (RBP) and molar ratio of retinol to RBP in infants at birth, 6 wk, 3,6,9 & 12 months of age and vitamin A levels in breast milk were determined.
(A ) MELK expresses at a higher level in breast tumors than in normal breast tissues.
We have previously reported that FGF8 mRNA is expressed at a higher level in breast cancer cells than in normal breast epithelial cells (Marsh et al, 1999).
Revealing a novel level of breast tumour heterogeneity, our study offers a perspective to refine the current breast cancer classification.
Moreover, autoantibodies to specifc glycoforms of MUC1 were detected more frequently and at a higher level in breast cancer patients than in patients with benign breast disease or healthy females.
