In the foraging tasks, the animals executed more horizontal than vertical movements and adopted a "layer strategy" in which food was collected from one horizontal level before moving to the next.
Smaller values within a layer would indicate clustering of choices close to each other within that layer and therefore indicate that animals would be biased towards adopting a layer strategy, and higher values would indicate that animals used a vertically biased strategy (which would seem unlikely a priori).
The present study has provided evidence that rodent navigation in 3D space involves strong horizontal biases, with rats using a "layer strategy" during foraging (i.e., preferring to complete foraging at a given height above ground before moving to a new level), and preferring routes to a goal in which the easier, shallow component of the route occurs first.
We propose three contributing factors to these biases: (1) a layer strategy minimises vertical, high-energy movements; (2) rats prefer to delay climbing as long as possible, potentially a manifestation of temporal discounting of effort; and (3) because the neural encoding of height is coarse and low in information, organising movements around the horizontal plane is computationally less costly.
Combining the theory of product life cycle, a system framework of low-carbon operation models in machinery manufacturing industry is established, which consists of an objective layer, a strategy layer, a process layer and a supporting layer.
Meanwhile, Facebook is pursuing a "social layer" strategy in mobile gaming, hoping to provide login and sharing options to native games rather than running the platform itself.
To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing works exploit a cross-layer strategy between APP, MAC, and PHY layers.
The first class inherits all kinds of CLDs that use power control as a physical layer strategy to suppress MAI on the transmitter side.
The number of identified peptides is further boosted when employing a multi-layer strategy, noted by the 'layer' column in the table.
The self-assembly method rapidly realized introduction of guest materials into the interlayer space of layered perovskites from a layer-by-layer strategy, showing great potential in synthesizing novel 2D material based hybrid photocatalyst.
