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The Venus In-Situ Explorer, proposed by NASA's New Frontiers program is a proposed probe which would aid in understanding the processes on the planet that led to climate change, as well as paving the way towards a later sample return mission.
A primary dengue infection is defined as the absence of specific anti-dengue IgG antibodies in the first serum samples during the acute phase, with anti-dengue IgM, virus isolation and/or virus RNA being present, and dengue virus IgG being detected in a later sample.
In contrast, secondary dengue infection is defined by the presence of specific anti-dengue IgG and the absence of anti-dengue IgM in the first sample, together with a positive RT-PCR and/or virus isolation, followed by the presence of anti-dengue IgM in a later sample.
When using this estimate for a later sample size calculation it will be inflated as suggested by Browne.
A later sample then tracks how many individuals of the new sample were caught and marked in the previous sample.
A secondary DENV infection is defined by the presence of specific anti-dengue IgG and the absence of anti-dengue IgM in the first sample, together with a positive RT-PCR and/or virus isolation, followed by the presence of anti-dengue IgM in a later sample [ 7].
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In fact, the findings obtained in this study suggest a high level of intermittent excretion, as in more than 26% of the re-sampled farms a previously positive flock tested negative in a later sampling and 63.9% overall tested positive.
In 26.3% of the cases a previously positive farm resulted negative in a later sampling and conversely, 38 farms (9.7%) tested negative in the first sampling but resulted positive in any of the subsequent samplings.
To evaluate the intermittent excretion of the pathogen in milk, we sampled 391 additional farms from 2 to 5 times, resulting that in 26.3% of the cases a previously positive farm tested negative in a later sampling.
This study uses data from half a year later sample surveys collected from five counties (Wenchuan, Qingchuan, Mianzhu, Lushan, and Dujiangyan) in Sichuan in 2013 (N = 2000).
The inset in Figure 3b shows a scheme of the later sample.
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