Exact(6)
On a later exposure to the same food, however, an allergic reaction occurs.
To overcome this TR insufficiency, we chose to treat tadpoles with a brief, weak pulse of T3 to induce competence to respond to a later exposure to TH.
We investigated whether a prior bacterial encounter provides protection against a later exposure to the same or a different bacterium in honeybees.
Here the initial exposure (e.g., estrogen) early in development "primes" or organizes the target tissue to respond to a later exposure of the same hormone at a heightened level.
If infections that are non-ubiquitous and non-endemic are involved in disease aetiology, then among cases the distribution of births (for an early exposure) or diagnoses (for a later exposure) may exhibit seasonal variation and/or space-time clustering.
The exposure of contaminant-injected larvae to domoic acid correlates more closely with wildlife exposures, including both the embryonic presence of contaminants and a later exposure to domoic acid.
Similar(54)
Lead exposure in utero and during breastfeeding can cause adverse effects in children independent of any later exposure, so prevention is critical.
Finally, if for some exposures there is an earlier critical window of exposure that sets the stage for later neurologic degeneration, a focus on later exposure history may not capture early developmentally relevant exposures.
Epidemiologic evidence has established that exposure to ionizing radiation is a risk factor for leukemia and several solid cancers, with exposures at a younger age conferring a greater risk than later exposure [ 1– 3].
A model in which later exposure to physiological or psychological stressors changes the effect of the exposure is called a critical period model with later effect modifiers.
Furthermore, animal models demonstrate that prenatal exposure to steroid hormones increases the likelihood of developing mammary gland tumors following later exposure to a known carcinogen (Lamartiniere et al. 2011; Rudel et al. 2011).
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