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But despite their enormous scale, it is not immediately obvious why these losses should cause a lasting decline in economic activity.
So the maneuvering raises the question of whether their current humiliation is a passing low point, or whether it marks the start of a lasting decline that experts have long forecast, but which has never before come to pass.
However, a lasting decline in R&D expenditure can have a negative long-term effect on technological progress and innovation in the sector.
While this development is positive, we argue that a lasting decline in R&D will in the longer run reduce technological progress and innovation in the sector.
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If a major global downturn occurs and begins a more lasting decline in energy demand and prices, as happened in late 2008 and 2009, it could throw off forecasts.
For example, Groysberg (2010), after examining the careers of more than a 1000 high performers ("star" analysts) on Wall Street, showed that those who change firms tend to suffer an immediate and lasting decline in performance.
Wild-type, immune intact, females experienced a significant and long lasting decline in fecundity [ 54].
The paper argues that a comprehensive activation strategy is called for – in both unemployment and disability insurance – to minimize the conflict between income insurance and work incentives and to prevent the economic crisis from causing a long-lasting decline in labor force participation.
On average, people's reactions to stressful events like divorce or bereavement indicate a sharp and long-lasting decline in personal well-being, followed by a slow and gradual recovery.
Early clinical data suggest that treatment with one such antibody RN316 results in very significant and long lasting declines in LDL- cholesterol in the majority of patients with elevated LDL cholesterol.
A sharp and long-lasting decline in TP concentration, affecting all flow levels, took place after a major flood in 2002.
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