The E259A mutation has a much larger deleterious effect on Phe-tRNAPhe binding when made in T. thermophilus EF-Tu than when made in E. coli EF-Tu.
This increase is only slight for L = 5 and L = 10 or for h = 0.2 (results not shown), but is more important for h = 0 and L = 1, particularly for the larger deleterious effect (s = 0.5).
This is not observed for the analogous case with larger deleterious effects (s = 0.5, h = 0, L = 1), probably because there are fewer segregating deleterious alleles and linkage between them is therefore weaker.
We use simulations to compare our approach with previously proposed procedures, and we show that if even small amounts of informative missingness are not taken into account, they can have large, deleterious effects on the performance of tests.
Partial duplication also may disrupt coding sequences, causing frameshifts or null alleles with potentially large deleterious effects (Emerson et al. 2008).
Natural selection influences the frequencies of disease-predisposing alleles by preferentially removing from the population mutations with relatively large deleterious effects.
The rate is determined primarily by the distribution among mutants of small effect; mutants with large deleterious effects are extremely unlikely to fix, and there can be few reversals of such fixations if they rarely happen in the first place.
Surprisingly, there was no significant underrepresentation of mutations in core genes (Fisher's exact test: P = 0.611, Fisher's odds ratio1 = 1.051) despite their potentially large deleterious effects on fitness.
The Drosophila data indicate that strains such as wAu with strong blockage, no deleterious effects, high densities and no cytoplasmic incompatibility exist in populations alongside strains such as wHa that cause strong cytoplasmic incompatibility, but no blockage or large deleterious effects.
It may be that some of these peptides are not functional, but their translation does not produce a large enough deleterious effect for them to be eliminated via selection.
