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Taken together, Yusim et al. [ 12] concluded that the apparent clustering of CTL epitopes in epitope maps was a signature of a large-scale adaptation of HIV-1 to the human population.
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The lack of any large-scale adaptation of HIV-1 to reduce its number of CTL epitopes -as reported by this study- is not necessarily in contradiction with the possible fixation of certain CTL epitope escape mutations at the population level [41], [44], especially if these occur in combination with compensatory mutations [72].
In all three cases there was no sign of any large-scale adaptation of HIV-1 clade B to its human host over the last 30 years: the number of epitope precursors, MHC-binding peptides and CTL epitopes per HIV-1 sequence remained constant over time.
Finally, bacteria living in environments of distinct salinity (halophiles versus halotolerants) and temperature (mesophiles versus psychrophiles and thermophiles) were compared, to assess any large-scale adaptation of their metabolic network to these environments.
We have previously reported that HIV-1 did not show any large-scale adaptation to the cellular immune response over the last three decades [ 11], using HIV-1 population sequence data sets and CTL epitope predictors.
Therefore we conclude that the visually apparent clustering of CTL epitopes in epitope maps should not be interpreted as a signature of a past large-scale adaptation of HIV-1 to the human cellular immune response.
Therefore, the visually apparent clustering of CTL epitopes in epitope maps should not be interpreted as a signature of a past large-scale adaptation of HIV-1 to the human cellular immune response.
Yusim et. al. hypothesized that the apparent clustering of CTL epitopes in the conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins could be an evolutionary signature left by large-scale adaptation of HIV-1 to its human/simian host.
Large-scale adaptation to sea-level rise would be necessary.
Tangible examples of large-scale adaptation measures are few and far between, and those that do exist typically relate to publicly funded infrastructure projects.
The New Yorker, October 31 , 1931P. 11 Talk story on the first large-scale adaptation of television which was tried out in the B.S. Moss playhouse at Fifty-third Street and Broadway.
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