We pointed out that females dispersed more than males (i.e. they left their section of origin more frequently than males did) but had not necessarily a larger dispersal distance (i.e. distance covered during the study).
Although the median Ks-values were three times lower in the comparison of Houston-1 and IC11 than in comparisons of either of these with UGA10, a fairly large dispersal was observed.
For example, carnivores, that have probably larger home ranges and dispersal abilities than most rodents [29] produce communities with consistently larger mean covariances, and the bats, also with large dispersal capacities, present a peak of large mean covariance.
Examples of Holarctic-distributed carnivores are the brown bear, grey wolf, and red fox, all three ecological generalists with large dispersal capacity and a high adaptive flexibility.
Since it is generally assumed that such a long planktonic larval duration should promote high levels of gene flow and effectively counterbalance the speciation process [ 15, 16], life history traits make spiny lobsters a suitable model for better understanding the speciation process in marine organisms with large dispersal capabilities.
For all species life-histories examined, persistence requires considerably larger total fraction in reserves and/or larger individual reserves for a given home range than for an equivalent larval dispersal distance (Figures 3a c), particularly in the limit of large dispersal distances or home-ranges discussed above (along vertical axes in Figures. 3).
Next consider the limiting cases of large dispersal distance or home-range size (or equivalently, very small reserves).
This support the Baas-Becking hypothesis "everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects" [6], which assumes large dispersal potential and low extinction rate for microbes.
For example, for the long-lived species with 25% natural per recruit egg production remaining in fished areas, persistence for large dispersal distances occurs if greater than 13% of habitat is in reserves, whereas for large home ranges persistence requires at least 31% in reserves.
However, these terms are relative as there is no readily available information to estimate what small or large dispersal would be in these species.
