Last, unbiased approaches (i.e., approaches that provide comprehensive characterization of exposure without an a priori hypothesis) such as the exposome are needed to move beyond "looking under the lamppost" (i.e., only measuring exposure for chemicals with available toxicology data).
This may be a testable hypothesis, such as a new triage system will have less over-triage than the previous system (case two), or a may be a specific aim describing the training of providers caring for children in local emergency departments (case one).
This has the advantage of rapidly testing a simple hypothesis such as whether a locus has the reference base, a variant or both, by looking at a read pileup over the base under scrutiny.
In many instances, the regional variability of Lewy pathology in human brain cannot be explained by a unified hypothesis such as transsynaptic spread.
This can be reduced by grouping genes into predefined groups according to a biological hypothesis such as grouping those with similar biological roles or within the same pathway, on the assumption that disruption of any one gene within a pathway or group will disrupt the functioning of that cellular response.
A gating mechanism for the mechanotransducer channels that lacks the directional sensitivity provided by an oblique tip link would be an alternative hypothesis, such as that proposed for inner (but not outer) hair cells in MYO15A mutant mice [46].
Unlike the end-Cretaceous event, there is no consistent evidence in rocks at the Permian-Triassic boundary to support an asteroid impact hypothesis, such as an anomalous presence of iridium and associated shocked quartz (quartz grains that have experienced high temperatures and pressures from impact shock).
When tests against a neutral null hypothesis, such as D and H, are performed repeatedly across a genome in a sliding window analysis, an issue of multiple comparisons arises.
A composite null hypothesis such as this one is largely intractable because it contains an unwieldy class of potential probability distributions describing gene expression.
The data obtained from well-designed molecular and clinical studies support a multifactorial, systemic, nonatherosclerotic causal hypothesis, such as a defect in vascular structural proteins, with atherosclerosis occurring as a secondary process.
