Exact(9)
Archaeology is fundamentally a historical science, one that encompasses the general objectives of reconstructing, interpreting, and understanding past human societies.
By studying the richness of cultural forms and their continued transformations, much the same was to be achieved by anthropology, which was to be both a cognitive and a historical science.
Like geology, archaeology is a historical science.
So Tunisian students do not understand that biological evolution is a science and, especially, a historical science.
An important element of Gould's view of evolutionary biology as a historical science is the notion of contingency (See also Beatty's work on his Evolutionary Contingency Thesis that aimed to further elaborate and defend Gould's thesis, 1995).
Finally, I show how Whewell's philosophy of historical science matches some developments in a science (biological systematics) that, in the mid-to late-nineteenth century, came to be reinterpreted as a historical science.
Similar(51)
Given the impossibility of experimental validation in what is fundamentally an historical science, corroboration is the most efficient support of an inference [ 5].
Replicate experiments are often difficult to find in evolutionary biology, as this field is inherently an historical science.
It helped establish the legitimacy of evolutionary biology, a primarily historical science, in a scientific climate that favored experimental methods over historical ones.
A common misperception is that evolutionary biology is an inherently historical science and thus cannot be subject to hypothesis testing.
During the debate, Ham tried to establish a distinction between what he sees as two different types of science – "observational" science, which can be tested in a lab, and "historical" science, for the fossil record and other things that are studied after the fact, and which he contended is debatable.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com