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Furthermore, studies with small sample size, carried out in different clinical scenarios and with a heterogeneous methodology, were included in this systematic review.
A heterogeneous methodology was evident with four non-randomized clinical trials, three prospective cohort studies, and four retrospective case-control studies limiting higher statistical approach.
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Yet, this difference might be attributable to the heterogeneous methodology in determining antibody levels.
As highlighted in recent meta-analyses [ 51, 52], the effects on major clinical endpoints are conflicting and may be partially explained by heterogeneous methodology and subgroup differences in critically ill patients.
The criteria for implementing scoping studies includes when the research question needs developing in an iterative way; the likely included studies use heterogeneous methodologies and scoping methods are also used to identify the extent and scope of current literature in the field, where the evidence base is somewhat limited.
In some smaller studies and studies with heterogeneous methodologies, vaginal estrogen treatment led to a significant reduction of urinary tract infections.
However, there are only a few studies of melatonin in ICU patients and these use heterogeneous methodologies.
We also used an objective method to evaluate lipodystrophy to overcome the different and heterogeneous methodologies for the diagnosis of lipodystrophy of previous studies [ 31].
The search for contingency approaches to information systems design (ISD) began in the early 1980s when it was recognised that there is no single best methodology for all ISD projects and when there existed heterogeneous methodologies to select from.
However, the four studies had heterogeneous methodologies and results, so further prospective studies evaluating the consumption of coffee and AD are strongly needed.
Through this process, we were able to cover the state of research, at the same time being aware of the heterogeneous methodologies and frameworks that often impede direct comparisons of results.
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