The reason for the sex difference is largely unknown but could be at least in part explained by a heavier risk-factor burden and a greater effect of blood pressure and atherogenic dyslipidemia on the risk of CVD in diabetic women than in diabetic men (6).
Multiple large prospective studies have shown a protective effect of alcohol consumption against ischaemic heart disease, [ 31] and although heavy drinking is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and a number have shown that regular moderate consumption may also be a protective factor with increased insulin sensitivity [ 32, 33].
"Physical inactivity can increase the risk of stroke through various biological mechanisms and heavy alcohol consumption – a risk factor for all types of stroke – might be a contributing factor because employees working long hours seem to be slightly more prone to risky drinking than are those who work standard hours".
High physical work demands increase the risk of MSD [ 17, 18], e.g. heavy lifting is a risk factor for developing low back pain [ 19, 20], and a relationship between working with a bended or twisted back and low back pain has been demonstrated [ 19].
In our analysis, we observed moderate drinking may be a protective factor but heavier drinking could be a risk factor for peripheral arteriosclerosis in Chinese men.
Another meta-analysis of Chinese studies also found that heavy drinking was a risk factor for pancreatic cancer in males (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.01 2.34) [1.01 2.34
Bagnardi et al. found no significant association between alcohol and pancreatic cancer [136], but Tramacere et al. found that heavy drinking was a risk factor for pancreatic cancer (pooled RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.12 1.34) [1.12 1.34
Heavy smoking is a risk factor for nickel allergy, as the metal is found in tobacco with an average content of 1 to 3 μg per cigarette.
Heavy drinking is a risk factor for most stroke subtypes, while regular light to moderate drinking seemed to be associated with a decreased risk for ischemic strokes (Letenneur, 2004).
Heavy drinking is a risk factor for most stroke subtypes favoring vascular damage in the brain which may be of importance in the development of vaD and possibly AD (Humpel, 2011; Sundell et al., 2008).
