The surgery was state of the art at the time, but it was a harsh procedure.
Harsher Procedures Added At Guantánamo, the first clear widening of authority came in December 2002, when commanders asked the Pentagon for more latitude in interrogating a Saudi Arabian prisoner believed to be the planned 20th hijacker of Sept. 11.
Only then were humans subjected to this harsh procedure, and with decades of incremental research, now many are cured of illnesses like leukemia and lymphoma.
We anticipate having depolarized mitochondria in the preparation used here because we used mechanical homogenization, which is a harsh cell disruption procedure, and vortexing at 300 rpm to mix isolated mitochondria with JC-1 during labeling.
An August 2002 memo by the Justice Department that concluded interrogators could use extreme techniques on detainees in the war on terror helped provide an after-the-fact legal basis for harsh procedures used by the C.I.A. on high-level leaders of Al Qaeda, according to current and former government officials.
Chemical fixation provides cell structures with physical resistance against subsequent harsh procedures.
But they showed that the interrogation techniques being debated at the highest levels included harsh procedures that emerged in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Within the military in particular, some of the harsh procedures authorized until this spring were quickly suspended or abandoned after the extent of the abuses at Abu Ghraib surfaced in April.
The New York Times yesterday reported that the military intelligence brigade that took control of the interrogation centre was deployed direct from Afghanistan and brought with it harsh procedures it had developed there.
Those rules allowed the use of harsh procedures banned from Guantánamo, including using sleep deprivation, to as little as four hours' rest each 24 hours, and making prisoners stand or crouch in positions for up to an hour, according to Senate aides who have read the confidential document.
Before being taken to Guantánamo in September 2006, with 11 other suspects, Mr Mohammed was held for three years in secret CIA prisons abroad where he was subjected to water-boarding as well as other harsh procedures, as the CIA itself has admitted.
