In [25], a seamless proactive vertical handover algorithm was proposed which took into account the users preferences, network conditions, velocity of the mobile station and application requirements for selecting a candidate network for handover which is stable.
This article proposed a new handover strategy for the railway domain, namely, the RMPA handover, which is an IEEE 802.16 handover, specially "customized" for a high-speed mobility scenario.
These tasks may need interaction with the higher layers to guarantee a seamless and proactive vertical handover, which is beyond the scope of this paper.
Two major challenges have been identified for providing mobile high-rate data services to passengers on the high-speed train: 1) too frequent handover which causes a high call drop rate and quick battery drain; and 2) poor link quality due to high Doppler spread.
This paper addresses the topic of implementing a new system of bedside handover, which puts patients central to the whole process of managing care and also addresses some of the shortcomings of the traditional handover system.
An inter-cluster handover which occurs as a result of mobile user's migration between clusters gives rise to additional handover delay, because more complex handover mechanism should be performed by mobile network.
There exists a detach period for the UE under handover, which is between the disconnection from the serving eNodeB and successful connection to the target eNodeB.
This aspect can become very critical because, despite base stations are connected among them using a dedicated protocol suite (i.e., through the X2 interface), LTE always requires hard handover, which is, in general, a resource-demanding procedure.
A force field analysis in terms of the driving forces had shown that there was dissatisfaction with the traditional method of handover which had led to an increase in the number of critical incidents and complaints from patients, relatives and doctors.
