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For evaluating the design wind loads a gust effect factor approach is employed.
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It derives the most relevant effects associated with the three-dimensional (3-D) wind-excited response of this structural type and shows that a suitable definition of one non-dimensional quantity, referred to as the 3-D gust effect factor, provides such effects at any level through a wide set of experimental, numerical and analytical procedures.
The 3-D gust effect factor (GEF) technique is an efficient method to determine the maximum displacements and internal forces of vertical structures subjected to alongwind, crosswind and torsional gust-excited vibrations.
The lower predictions from ASCE 7 can be partly attributed to an apparent inconsistent formulation in the numerator of the expression for the gust effect factor for dynamic structures.
Such influence functions are first derived, calibrated and validated for the most typical structural types, then they are used within the framework of the gust effect factor technique.
A discussion is made regarding the application of the model of the pressures to wind load estimations for the main wind force resisting systems of circular flat roofs, using the gust effect factor approach and the LRC method.
The concepts of spatial and temporal averages are discussed, and the new gust effect factor (GEF) is introduced with its derivation detailed.
Highlights of the formulation of the gust effect factor in recent revisions of the wind load provisions in ASCE7-95 are presented.
The gust effect factor and the equivalent static loads derived from the model of the pressures are compared with those obtained from the time history of pressures and roof responses.
The method for the simulation of extreme wind loading on low-rise buildings, currently adopted by most civil engineering Standards, is based on the concept of "gust effect factor" (GEF).
Finally, a ratio of maximum to mean axial force is proposed as a wind load effect coefficient instead of a gust factor for general buildings.
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