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Given the latitudinal thermal gradient that likely existed (colder temperatures in northern areas closer to the glacial sheet), a gradient of habitat fragmentation may have also been in place that produced greater habitat connectivity in southern regions.
The valley widens in places, especially in the ancient lake basin of Warsaw, where water was once dammed up in front of a glacial ice sheet.
Linksland arose at the end of the most recent ice age, when the retreat of the northern glacial sheet, accompanied by changes in sea level, exposed sandy deposits and what had once been coastal shelves.
The great glacial sheets ride seaward like inexorable narratives, calving at last, with a roar, into books of floating ice.
But in the Middle Pleistocene, when glacial sheets locked up vast amounts of water, sea levels dropped by as much as 400 feet, Piper said.
Historically, there have been cyclical ice ages in which glacial sheets periodically covered the higher latitudes of the continents.
Species inhabiting North America and Europe, the two continents that were covered by the most extensive glacial sheets, were influenced in different ways with regard to the impact of ice ages on migration: in North America the main geographical barriers had the same orientation as the biomes' shift, while in Europe, due its complex geography, strong barriers to migration existed.
San Francisco Bay is a drowned river valley, submerged during the melting of the last glacial ice sheet.
Satellite altimeters have been launched with the objective to monitor changes in sea level and glacial ice sheet topography.
Water is seen on part of Greenland's glacial ice sheet, July 2013.
Geological evidence suggests that during the maximum glacial advance, an ice sheet covered an area five to seven times larger than it does today [ 32].
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