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Such observations from a chain of receivers (aligned along a meridian) are then inverted to obtain the electron density distribution as a function of latitude and altitude over a given longitude.
For our study, intensities for nighttime lights are represented by the time-indexed array (X_{t}(i,j)), where (t=1992,ldots,2013) and each element contains the intensity of light detected for a pixel with a given longitude (operatorname{lon}(i)) and latitude (operatorname{lat}(j)).
We argue that rejecting many satellite data because of a high level of magnetic activity does not necessarily reduce the noise in the final model, as the data error variance is proportional to the ratio v/M, where v is the variance of the external field and M the number of available orbits over a given longitude (e.g., Lesur et al., 2013).
Given that the PSSR starts at a fixed LT, for a given longitude, and that the initiation point for the PSSR sweeps westward with the solar terminator, a tilt in isodensity contours should appear in the bottomside F layer with contours higher in the east.
Because diffusion of solutes across the laminar interface progresses with downstream flow, the sharpness of the chemical gradient at a given longitude can be controlled by adjusting the overall flow rate.
Their depth to Moho is about 24 km to the east of 112°W, decreasing to 23 km at about 115°W and 22 km in the westernmost embayment with very little north-south variation landward of the shelf break along a given longitude.
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Although their presence is discernible in long-term mean statistics accumulated over a hemisphere, such cells are often difficult to detect on a daily basis at any given longitude.
In the simplest example, we envision steady upward transport, once the PSSR commences at a given location in longitude.
Unlike the celestial equator, the ecliptic is fixed among the stars; however, the ecliptic longitude of a given star increases by 1.396° per century owing to the precessional movement of the equator similar to the precessional movement of a child's top which shifts the first point of Aries.
(6)Where arc and arc represent the sides of the triangle opposite to the respective angles γ and δ. (7) (8)In all equations above, θ i refers to the co-latitude and λ i to the longitude of a given quad point in the LTL frame.
By assuming that is the measured magnitude of the main field element or a secular variation value at a given point of latitude φ and longitude γ, and k mn is unknown, a redefined system of conditional equations is obtained and solved by the least squares method.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com