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The presence of all functional Chironomid groups at all decomposition stages may be related to a generalist strategy to obtain food, since most taxa in this group are omnivorous (Berg 1995; Galizzi et al. 2012) and consume a large amount of detritus (Henriques-Oliveira et al. 2003; Silveira et al. 2013; Saito and Fonseca-Gessner 2014).
In this case (Figure 5C), the evolution of host specificity in immune defense (i.e. adaptive immune system) occurs at the expense of allocation to a generalist strategy (i.e. innate immune system) [18].
A generalist strategy provides the pathogen with more opportunities for transmission and survival, but it is predicted that evolution would favour specialism, because pathogen-host co-evolution could result in functional trade-offs that would limit the generalist fitness in any one host [1], [31] [34].
Two fundamental survival strategies for heterogeneous environments can be contrasted: local adaptation or specialization vs. phenotypic plasticity, a generalist strategy.
This is expected when trade-offs are weak or when habitats are subject to important temporal variability under which a generalist strategy may be advantageous.
Hence, a generalist strategy in which a large investment is made to each bee's longevity and capacity to do any task should be preferable.
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A true generalist strategy, where a parasite routinely feeds on many distantly related host species, is relatively uncommon in parasitic organisms [ 18].
Even though a pure generalist strategy was unattainable, adjustments in the means and correlations between protein abundance enabled the system to shape the 'residual' noise to distribute cells along the Pareto front.
The results of our analysis suggest that T. versicolor's generalist strategy involves a reliance on overlapping but distinct gene sets, depending upon the host plant it is parasitizing.
Our results suggest that the maintenance of a generalist feeding strategy in Triphysaria involves both generalized and specialized gene responses that help us understand Triphysaria's generalist feeding abilities.
For example, depending on the degree of population connectivity across ecosystems and the extent of climate-induced distributional shifts associated with paleoclimatic conditions (e.g., [ 16]), a generalist phenotype strategy might be favored [ 8, 17, 18].
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