In the absence of a general fitness penalty (i.e. the lesions are not generally smaller on the resistant cultivar), adaptation towards increased lesion sizes does not occur (results not shown).
In the absence of a general fitness penalty (i.e. the lesions are not generally smaller on the resistant cultivar), the results are qualitatively the same (results not shown).
Because the presence of quantitative resistance in the host may affect the pathogen pleiotropically (Lehman and Shaner 1997), we include a general resistance penalty in addition to the specific QTL studied, which leads to lesions being generally smaller on the resistant cultivar as compared to the susceptible cultivar.
Article 42 of the 1949 conventions states: "No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be inflicted upon the population on account of the acts of individuals for which they cannot be regarded as jointly and severally responsible".
In general, penalties for nonuniformed personnel involve fines.
The general penalties for convictions are fines and imprisonment.
(e) The defendants inflicted general penalties on the nationals of occupied countries, including the destruction of civilian communities, towns and villages: and in particular, Lidice, Oradour-sur-Glane and Kraguevacs.
His sentence was the harshest possible in a special court-martial; had he been tried in a general court-martial, the penalties could have been much harsher.
There is no accountability because most judgments were paid from a general government judgment fund without penalty to the agency at fault.
In his first cabinet meeting, he scrapped Mr Bremer's suspension of the death penalty, declared a general amnesty for violent crimes against the outgoing administration (provided that penitents hand in weapons and leak information) and proposed to revoke Mr Bremer's first decree, which barred all senior Baathists from office.
A general way to select a penalty is to specify a prior distribution for the parameters to be estimated for a suitable choice of parameterisation.
