Analysis of the frequency ratio of the two clocks, extending over 6 yr at NIST, is used to place a limit on its fractional variation of <5.8x10 -6) per change in normalized solar gravitational potential.
As presented in Figure 1, the existence of measurement errors is significantly dampened when estimating the rate of biomass formation, having sensitivity values lower than 1 (calculated as the fractional variation in μ produced by an infinitesimal fractional variation in a given measured flux).
The similar fractional variation in the heat flux predicted by the seismic velocities along strike also implies that the intrusive:extrusive ratio varies by less than a factor of two along strike in the Cascades Arc.
The same frequency ratio is also used to obtain 20-fold improvement over previous limits on the fractional variation of the fine structure constant of |alpha/alpha|<1.3x10 -16) yr-1, assuming invariance of other fundamental constants.
However, the linearly regressed 10.7 cm flux and fractional variation in powers diverge in cycles 22 and 24, indicating that the relationship between the mode powers and the 10.7 cm flux is not consistent from one cycle to the next.
In that paper, the fractional derivative was defined in the Riemann-Liouville sense and the formulation was obtained by means of fractional variation principle and the Lagrange multiplier technique.
The strengthening effect of G.P. zones and η′ phases is much stronger than that of η phases [7], and we found that matrix precipitates (MPts) in each state of aging process are not single in type, so that the fractional variation of each kind of nanoparticles can further affect mechanical properties of Al−Zn−Mg alloys.
The fractional variation of occurrence (FVO) was used to determine and compare the strengths of the periodicities among the various motifs [35].
The 10.7 cm flux was linearly regressed using the fractional variations of damping rates and powers observed during cycle 23.
The fractional variations in deflection parameter K between segments of 130.4-m-long 130.4-m-long 130.4-m-longnac Coherent Light SoundulatorS) must be ⩽1.5×10−4.
MR visualisation shows that fractional variations in steady-state conversion within slice sections of the bed, perpendicular to the direction of superficial flow, are of order 20%.
