These ontologies can go into great detail; an ontology like the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) [ 43] is likely the most comprehensive formal description of human anatomy and exceeds the information and the detail contained in most individual anatomy textbooks.
The authors already performed such experiments targeting a core anatomy model derived from the Foundational Model of Anatomy [ 12].
An example of reference ontology in biomedical informatics is the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), an ontology of anatomy that covers the entire range of macroscopic, microscopic, and subcellular anatomy.
For example, an ontology for human anatomy such as the Foundational Model of Anatomy [ 20] will not only contain the classes and relations relevant to describe human anatomy, but also provide a large set of terms used to refer to human anatomical structures and the ways in which they may be related (as labels of the relations).
The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) ontology is a domain reference ontology based on a disciplined modeling approach.
Since the tools discussed in this paper have been developed on the principles of general applicability, it is expected that other terminology systems such as GALEN or, FMA Foundational Model of Anatomy, can serve as a second use-case.
The objective is to represent the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) in the OWL 2 Web Ontology Language (informally OWL 2), and to use it in a European cross-lingual portal of health terminologies for indexing and searching Web resources.
Existing neuroanatomical ontologies, databases and information systems, such as the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), represent outgoing connections from brain structures, but cannot represent the "internal wiring" of structures and as such, cannot distinguish between different independent connections from the same structure.
The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) is the reference ontology regarding human anatomy.
Volker et al. made use of existing reasoners Racer [ 11] to support reasoning with the foundational model of anatomy in OWL DL (description logic) [ 39].
