Sentence examples for a formal calculation from inspiring English sources
If a mathematical formula is available for the total distance traveled in a given time, then this idea can be turned into a formal calculation.
The paper is structured as follows: The motivation for (1) is given in Sect. 3 where a formal calculation shows that a space-time white noise perturbation of the gain function in a deterministic neural field leads to (1).
Moreover, the complexity of variables (with varying monetary reward levels, probability, and loss of time for future trials), does not lend itself to a formal calculation of an optimal response selection, and subjects were required to make decisions within a brief amount of time.
For feasibility and pilot trials, while a sample size justification is important, a formal calculation may not be appropriate.
In this feasibility study, a formal calculation of power has not been carried out, but an analysis of the expected number of paramedics who would be able to attend two or more eligible events in a 12-month period has been carried out, estimating the events to be occurring randomly throughout the sample and following a Poisson distribution.
No reliable data were available to enable a formal calculation of the sample size of patients needed for an 80% power to show a statistically significant (5% level, double sided) difference between treatments on the primary end point of subjective pain (BPI).
Fortunately, a more formal calculation can be carried out.
As this was an exploratory experimental medicine study, we did not perform any formal calculations of power or sample size.
Studies without comparator groups were not included in any formal calculations of the efficacy of the intervention.
According to formal calculation, a sample size of 117 people in each municipality is required in order to detect the effect of the intervention with a statistical power equal to 80%.
If a formal power calculation was used, the authors should identify the primary outcome on which the calculation was based (see item 6a), all the quantities used in the calculation, and the resulting target sample size per study group.
