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The flash stimulus is typically quoted as being of 17 ms duration, with a flash onset asynchrony of 67 ms (with the exceptions of Meylan & Murray [32] – duration 13 ms, onset asynchrony 65 ms; Mishra et al [9] – duration 5 ms, onset asynchrony 70 ms, and Shams et al. [29] – duration 10 ms, onset asynchrony 70 ms).
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For example, a blinking visual stimulus appears as lateral motion when the flash onset is synchronized to an alternating left-right sound source [5], [6].
Indeed, it was shown that a blinking visual stimulus appears as lateral motion when the flash onset is synchronized to an alternating left-right sound source [5], [6].
This paper presents a brain computer interface (BCI) actuated by flash onset and offset visual evoked potentials (FVEPs).
Peak times were measured from flash onset to the peak of the a- and b-waves [ 2].
When the flash onset was synchronized to tones of alternating frequencies, a circle blinking at a fixed location was perceived as lateral motion in the same direction as the previously exposed apparent motion.
To determine the receptive field of sSC neurons, 6° light circles (55 60 cd/m2) were flashed at different locations on a gray background (6 8 cd/m2), and then spike rate during the 1 s response to both flash onset and offset were calculated for each location.
This method uses a background photopic light to saturate the rods, effectively isolating cone photoreceptor pathways; and long duration flashes are used to separate responses from downstream ON- and OFF- bipolar cells with ON-bipolar being favored at flash onset and OFF-bipolar cells at offset.
After exposure to the visual apparent motion with tone bursts for 3 min, a circle blinking at a fixed location was perceived as lateral motion in the same direction as the previously exposed apparent motion, when the flash onset was synchronized to the tones (Video S1 and S2 for demonstration).
(C ) Latency from flash onset to oIPSC onset in NAc and dorsal striatum (Caudate/Putamen, CPu) SPNs.
Implicit times were derived as the time from focal flash onset to the first-positive peak (P1).
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