Although some differences in nasal breadth, suggesting a similar pattern to occipitonasal growth, were noted, the small sample sizes precluded identifying any fixed variation between the two forms.
In this paper, the main idea is to compute the robust regression model, derived by experimentation, in order to achieve a model with minimum effects of outliers and fixed variation among different experimental runs.
Thus, a random effects meta-analysis for the data was deemed more appropriate than assuming fixed variation.
Some evidence of fixed variation between kidneys and between regions was found for peak systolic velocity, but the magnitude of this variation was small.
The degree of variation between these two NANOG reference sequences within the reading frame is equal to the presumably fixed variation previously reported between NANOG and NANOGP8 in the same region (Booth and Holland 2004; Jeter et al. 2009), calling into question the accuracy of the previous age estimate of 5.2 million years ago for the origin of NANOGP8 (Booth and Holland 2004).
In contrast, 35 of the 36 individuals sampled from the Pacific Northwest and Western Great Basin sample localities showed distinctiveness in at least one of six nucleotide positions in 28S, with many individuals showing substitutions at all six positions (outgroup taxa had fixed variation in at least eight positions in 28S, all different than the variable sites in the ingroup) (Fig. 2).
Note: Frequencies were calculated as number of fixed variation over the number of potentially mutable sites (i.e. for AT>GC the frequency was calculated as the number of substitutions over the total number of AT nucleotides in the human/chimpanzee ancestor).
In order to evaluate this latter possibility we calculated substitution rates and GC* using either fixed variations or SNPs; while SNPs can reasonably be thought to reflect mutation rates, fixed variations depend on both mutation rates and fixation probabilities.
Higher values of the output are obtained with larger values of the two parameters; moreover, keeping the geometry fixed, variations w.r.t.
Conversely, when fixed variations were taken into account, GC* resulted to be significantly higher for GC-rich than GC-poor sequences.
Full scale testing was carried out in a specially designed rig with constant tensile load and reversed displacement controlled bending with a fixed curvature variation.
