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Breed, sex and age were included as potential confounders, and hospital was included as a fixed effect to control for hospital routine differences.
The HVMA primary care site, defined as the health center where at least 75% of outpatient visits occurred (defined for 78% of patients), was included as a fixed effect to control for variations in practice patterns.
The variable hospital was forced into the final model as a fixed effect to control for clustering at the hospital level and the potential confounding effects of management differences between hospitals.
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Our panel data analysis includes hospital-fixed effects and Census division year-fixed effects to control for the effects of fixed hospital characteristics and time market-specific factors on hospital costs, which allows us to be parsimonious in the use of additional controls.
The district was included as a fixed categorical effect to control for other unknown differences between the districts.
Here, population, diet, and their interaction are the fixed effects, and host is considered as a random effect to control for potential confounding effect of differences among hosts.
We also included the test number as a fixed effect, to allow us to estimate and control for any habituation effects.
Including SL as a fixed effect allows us to control for the expected effect of body size on teleost kinematics [ 87].
Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), we tackle the first challenge by (1) controlling by a range of family background characteristics, and (2) using women's Fixed Effects (FE) to control for family heterogeneity.
The longitudinal nature of the data allows for the use of fixed effects analysis to control for unobserved time-constant characteristics among the employees.
The fixed-effects model treats each participating centre as a fixed intercept to control for possible population or environmental differences among centres.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com