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Thus, dictyostelids have three ways of dealing with unfavourable conditions: (a) encystment of individual amoebae (microcysts), (b) formation of sexual macrocysts and (c) formation of multicellular fruiting bodies containing spores.
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Studied proteins were actin, RhoA, a small GTPase involved through its effectors in the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton; Rab11, a protein involved in the transport of encystation vesicles; and enolase, as an encystment vesicles marker.
This allowed a complete encystment of A. castellanii trophozoites into the cyst form, as observed visually under a phase-contrast microscope.
Given that nutrient starvation is a signal for encystment it is interesting that there are no large alterations in carbon metabolism observed during cyst cell development.
Signal transduction leading to encystment involves a cyclic GMP-responsive transcription factor that is a homologue of CRP, the cyclic AMP-responsive transcription factor found in other bacteria.
Encystment within a siliceous wall plugged by cytoplasm is common.
Phenol oxidase (PO) activity had previously been determined in nitrogen-fixing cells of the strain A. chroococcum SBUG 1484 which undergo encystment and a melanogenic change in appearance [Herter et al. 2011].
In dinoflagellates, sexuality and subsequent encystment play a key role in bloom dynamics [5].
Our high resolution RNA-seq analysis provides the first detailed understanding of temporal changes in gene expression that occur during encystment in a Gram-negative organism.
Consistent with programmed cell death, encystment is a metabolically active, energy-dependent process requiring ATP for signaling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of the cell and can take up to several hours.
Encystment involves a multi-stage developmental process that includes the rounding of cells, production of large intracellular storage granules of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and the excretion of a protective exopolysaccharide coating that envelops dormant cysts.
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