He hypothesized that normal cells were able to recognize suboptimal cells during development and force them to die, "a lot like an ecological system in a population of cells," he says.
The term real-world system could refer to a physical system, a financial system, a social system, an ecological system, or essentially any other system whose behavior can be observed.
In an insightful paper, Ashford recognized many of the problems in the simplistic use of the term reservoir and proposed a consistent definition of a reservoir as an "ecological system in which the infectious agent survives indefinitely" (18).
A forest is an ecological system (or biotic community) dominated by trees.
"It is a beautiful, if worrying, example of how a subtle change to the interactions between species may suddenly cause a switch in an ecological system from one state to another".
Analyzing them together as a whole, as one would do for an ecological system, provides a better understanding about their dynamics and interactions, and enables system-level optimization.
The paper proposes a new variation of BBO, named ecogeography-based optimization (EBO), which regards the population of islands (solutions) as an ecological system with a local topology.
The protection and restoration of an ecological system needs a process to provide reasonable coordination of the ecological and agricultural water uses to protect the ecological environment and provide sustainable economic development.
A remarkable example of retrotransposon dynamics as an evolutionary adaptive mechanism within an ecological system is offered by BARE1 elements in wild barley [ 13].
Japan, he explains, lacks the legal institutions, checks and balances, diversity, transparency and openness of the U.S. "A financial system is like an ecological system," he reasons.
