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In a duplication process, a randomly selected node is duplicated with a probability proportional to 1 + σk, where k is the degree of the node, and σ is a parameter determining the duplicability of the node (see Methods for details).
In a duplication process, a randomly selected node is duplicated to generate a new node having the same links as the original node, followed by a divergence process in which some links are eliminated.
For example, the nucleus at Fig. 4n was unmistakably identified as a diploid at prophase because it had four FISH signals on four stringy chromatins, which means a pair of 45S rDNA in a diploid genome undergoing a duplication process at this stage.
Mitosis is essentially a duplication process: It produces two genetically identical "daughter" cells from a single "parent" cell.
This region might have undergone a duplication process in accordance with the second model after an ancient duplication event.
In other cases, spacers could be just remnants of a duplication process produced by slipped strand mispairing or imprecise termination during replication [ 39].
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Finally, we consider a DNA duplication process.
A few cases of mt gene rearrangements have been explained by different mechanisms, such as a tandem duplication process followed by non-random gene loss based on gene transcriptional polarities, suggesting that functional constraints could overcome the random process of gene loss [ 42].
Centrioles have a complex, ninefold symmetric structure, and reproduce by an intriguing duplication process.
Subsequently, an accelerated gene duplication process occurring on the Lentisphaera araneosa lineage resulted in the high number of genes in multigene families in the L. araneosa genome, again pointing to the role of protein evolution after gene duplication.
In addition to these previously described roles, our study shows that CDK11p58 inhibition induces a failure in the centriole duplication process in different human cell lines.
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