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A dummy value that indicates whether an age category is subject to youth minimum wages or not.
Therefore, in this study period, the expiry Thursdays were assigned a dummy value of 1, and a value of 0 otherwise.
We used a dummy value for seismic moment M 0 = 1020 Nm, a short rise time of T rise = 2 s, and a triangular source time function, as is widely used in multi-time-window source inversions.
In both mapping populations, the second allele of SNPs on the sex chromosome (Z), was assigned a dummy value (6) in females, to account for the hemizygosity of the female Z chromosome.
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The covariates include the actual unemployment rate in the country (which varies depending on the survey month) and the worker's age, gender, education, and ability, as well as her current labor market status (dummy for unemployed, with employed as the omitted category, and a dummy with value one if the individual is employed on a permanent contract and zero otherwise).
As in (3), S icl is a dummy taking value 1 if the individual i, seeks care from any public provider and 0 vice versa, HLF l and HRE l capture supply-side characteristics, Dcl is the set of dummies capturing the distance from the closest HF and X icl is a vector including other demand-side characteristics and controls, as in (3).
where ( {y}_{icl}^ ) is the unobserved difference between the utility from seeking (( {U}_i^{S1} )) and not seeking care (( {U}_i^{S0} )), and S icl is a dummy taking value 1 if the individual i, in community c and locality l, is better off when seeking care from a public provider, and 0 vice versa.
To avoid sample size loss due to missing information about mother and nest identity, we fitted unique dummy values to each individual with a missing value.
θ j was a dummy covariate of value 1 in environments with several trials and of value 0 alternatively, β jk a dummy covariate of value 1 in environments with several trials and blocks and of value 0 alternatively, and ρ jkl a dummy covariate of value 1 in environments with several trials, blocks, and replicates and of value 0 alternatively.
The values "1" and "−1" are dummy values with no specific meaning.
These dummy values vary depending on the aim of the study or research.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com